Thomas Jefferson as one of the most profound and important figures in American History Essay Example For Students

Thomas Jefferson as one of the most profound and important figures in American History Essay Thomas Jefferson is one of the most profound and important figures in American History. Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States of America, a diplomat, statesman, architect, scientist, and philosopher. No leader in this period of American History was as articulate, wise, or aware of the problems and consequences of a free society as Thomas Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, a tobacco plantation in Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was an extremely smart man, not to mention a self-made success, all despite the fact he was formally uneducated. His mother, Jane Randolph was a member of one of the most distinguished families in Virginia. Peter Jefferson died when Thomas was 14, leaving him many valuable properties and lands. As a result of being formally uneducated himself he demanded his son Thomas be schooled. He studied with Reverend Mr. Maury, a classical scholar, for two years, and in 1760 he attended William and Mary College. After graduating from William and Mary in 1762, Jefferson studied law for five years under George Wythe. In January of 1772, he married Martha Wayles Skelton and made himself a home in Monticello to raise a family. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Jefferson as one of the most profound and important figures in American History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When he and Martha moved to Monticello, only a small one room building was completed for them to stay Jefferson was thirty years old when he first began his political career. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgess in 1769, where his first action was an unsuccessful bill allowing owners to free their slaves. The continuing problem in British-Colonial relations overshadowed routine action of legislature. In 1774, the first of the Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston until Massachusetts paid for the Boston Tea Party, of the preceding year. Jefferson and other younger members of the Virginia Assembly ordained a day of fasting and prayer to demonstrate their sympathy with Massachusetts. As a result, Virginias Royal Governor Dunmore once again dissolved the assembly (Koch and Peden 20). The members met and planned to call together an inter-colonial congress.. Jefferson began writing resolutions which were more radical and better written than those from other counties and colonies. Although his resolutions were considered too revolutionary, and not adopted, they were printed and widely circulated. Because of these resolutions all important writing assignments were entrusted When Jefferson arrived in Philadelphia in June, 1775, as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress, he already possessed, as John Adams remarked, a reputation for literature, science, and a happy talent of When he retired in 1776, he was appointed to a five-man committee, including Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, which was given the most momentous assignment ever given in the history of America: the drafting of a formal declaration of independence from Great Britain (Daugherty 109). Jefferson was responsible for preparing the draft. The document, was finally pproved by Congress on July 4, 1776. Cut and occasionally altered by Adams or Franklin, or the Congress itself, the declaration is almost completely Jeffersons, and is the triumph and culmination of his early career. At this time, had he wanted to be a political leader, he could have easily attained a position in government. Instead, he chose to return to Monticello and give his public service to Virginia. Returning to the Virginia House of Delegates in October 1776, Jefferson set to work on reforming the laws of Virginia. He also proposed a rational plan of statewide education nd attempted to write religious toleration into the laws of Virginia by separating Church and State by writing the Bill for Establishing Religious In June of 1779, Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia. He continued his career as a public executive, confident of his abilities, of the respect, and the affection of his common wealth. However, he took up his duties at a time when the British were raiding Virginia. General George Washington did not have resources available to send to Virginia. Jefferson, during one of the raids, narrowly escaped capture at the hands of the British Troops, and the legislatures were forced to flee from their new capital city of Richmond. Jefferson, as head of state, was singled out for criticism and abuse. At the end of his second term, he announced his retirement. General Washingtons approval of Jeffersons actions as Governor made in contrast to the charges of betraying his duty, made by certain members in legislature. After Washingtons approval, the legislature passed a resolution officially clearing Jefferson of all charges (Smith 134, 135). .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .postImageUrl , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:hover , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:visited , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:active { border:0!important; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:active , .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1 .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e6e298a17b1e77ecd6d044e604edfa1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Summary Of A Christmas Carol EssayJefferson returned home to Monticello in 1781, and buried himself in writing about Virginia. The pages of text turned into a manuscript later known as the Notes of Virginia. This book went into great detail about the beauty of external nature as in its clarification of moral, political, and social issues, was read by scientist of two continents for years to come (Smith 142). His wife, ill since the birth of their last daughter, died in September 1782. In sorrow for his wife, Jefferson decided to turn down numerous appointments. In June 1783, he was elected as a delegate to the Confederation Congress where he headed important committees and drafted many reports and official papers. He preferred the necessity of stronger international commercial relations, and in 1784, wrote instructions for ministers negotiating commercial treaties with European nations. In May 1784, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of the united States to assist Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, both of whom had preceded him to Europe to arrange commercial agreements (Koch and Peden 24). He traveled throughout Europe and every place he went, he was not only an American diplomat, but a student of the useful sciences. He took notes on making wine, cheese, planting and harvesting crops, and raising livestock. He sent home to America information on the different cultures, the actual seeds of a variety of grasses not native to America, olive plants, and Italian rice. He remained in Paris until late 1789 (Smith 170). When he got back from Europe President Washington asked Jefferson to be Secretary of State. Jefferson accepted the post and found himself disagreeing with the Seceratary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson thought that all of Hamiltons acts were dominated by one purpose: to establish government by and for a privileged few. Jefferson repeatedly thought of retiring from the abinet position in which he was constantly arguing against Hamilton, the power-hungry man in the capitol. After negotiating the countrys foreign problems, Jefferson once again retired to Monticello. During retirement, Jefferson supervised the farming of his many lands and designed a plow which revolutionized agriculture; he tended library like a garden. e changed the architectural plans for Monticello, and supervised the construction. After three rather active years of retirement, Jefferson accepted the Republican Partys nomination in 1796 for president. He lost by three votes, which nder the prevailing system meant he was elected Vice President and the Federalist, John Adams, was elected president. The Federalist Administration turned upon its political opponents by passing the Alien Act, to deport foreign radicals, liberal propagandists, and agitators, also the Sedition Act, to hold the press. The Sedition Act gave the Administration the power to fine, imprison, and prosecute any opposing writer, so therefore the Republicans were kept quiet in the remaining years of Adams Administration (Randall 523, 528). In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for office. The electoral vote, n contrast to the popular vote, resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr. The Federalist threatened Jefferson to bargain with them or they would elect Burr. Jefferson, however, stood firm and made no promises, until the Federalists gave up. As president, Jeffersons first project was to remove the bias which had recently infected America. His policy of general reconciliation and reform, and his success in freeing the victims of the Alien and Sedition laws were generally supported by a favorable Congress (Randall 549). His popularity during his first term was greater than at any time during is career. In this term he was confronted with the most important problem of his career. Spain transferred to France its rights to the port of new Orleans, and the section of land controlling the province of Louisiana. Louisiana in the strong hands of the French rather than the weak hands of Spain placed an almost overwhelming obstacle in the path of American growth and prosperity. It was extremely important that America control the Louisiana territory, either through peaceful negotiation or by war. When French dictator Napoleon, suddenly offered to sell for fifteen million dollars, ot only the port of New Orleans, but also the entire piece of French owned land from the Mississippi to the Rockies, Jefferson was faced with the problem of taking the offer or wait for a Constitutional amendment authorizing such an act. .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .postImageUrl , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:hover , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:visited , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:active { border:0!important; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:active , .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23 .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u911335fdea91ed81ae568d13793efd23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the Waterfront Does the Truth Always Set You Fr EssayAfter much thinking, Jefferson authorized the purchase (Smith 266). Therefore his first term ended in a blaze of glory. The people, happy with the good fortune of their nation, almost unanimously sent Jefferson back for a second term. Busy as he was during these years, Jefferson had found time to follow his favorite intellectual pursuits. He had ot only aided in establishing a National Library, but had made many valuable additions to his own private collection. His second term was full of difficulties. To avoid war, Jefferson promoted the Non-Intercourse Act of 1806 and the Embargo of 1807. The Embargo was heavily criticized and had not been effective. To make matters worse, the domestic front was full of defections and desertions. When his term expired on march 3, 1809, he was thrilled to be leaving politics and returned to Monticello (McLaughlin 376). Jeffersons daughter Martha said that in retirement her father never bandoned a friend or principle. he and John Adams, their earlier political differences reconciled, wrote many letters. Jefferson frequently complained about the time consumed in maintaining his ever increasing friendship, but could not resist an intellectual challenge, or turn down an appeal for his opinion, advice, or help. He continued to discuss with quick thinking and a brilliant clarity such divers subjects as anthropology and political theory, religion, and zoology (Koch and Peden 40). Jeffersons major concern during his last years was education and educational philosophy. He considered knowledge not only as a means to an end, but an end in itself. He felt education was the key to life as it was to happiness. He reopened his campaign for a system of general education in Virginia. Through his efforts, the University of Virginia, the first American University to be free of official church connection, was established and was Jeffersons daily concern during his last seven years (Koch and Peden 39). He sent out an agent to select the faculty, he chose books for the library, drew up the curriculum, designed the buildings, and supervised their construction. The University finally opened in 1825, the winter before his death. Despite his preoccupation with the University, he continued to pursue a multitude of other tasks. In his eightieth year, for example, he wrote on politics, sending President Monroe long expositions later known to the world in Monroes version as the Monroe Doctrine (Daugherty 326). Among all his interests, there was one flaw on his time and thought which caused Jefferson endless embarrassment. His finances, always shaky, finally collapsed. Jefferson had frequently advanced money to friends who ared much more for possessions than he, and occasionally had been forced to make good on their notes when they found it impossible to do so. He spent money lavishly on his libraries and the arts, on Monticello, and on his childrens education. His passion for architecture cost him a small fortune. At the final stage of his financial distress, Jefferson petitioned the Virginia legislature to grant him permission to dispose of Monticello and its farms by lottery. The almost immediate response of private citizens, in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, on hearing this news was to donate a sum of ver sixteen thousand dollars to aid the leader who had devoted his industry and resourcefulness to all America for half of a century (Smith 304). On July 4, 1826, Jefferson died at Monticello. He was buried on the hillside beside his wife. He had written the script for his headstone himself: Author of the Declaration of American Independence of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom and father of the University of Virginia. With absolute brilliance and an unbelievable sense of what was best for the American people Thomas Jefferson established himself as one of the best and most contributive leaders in American history.

buy custom Employee Lawsuits essay

buy custom Employee Lawsuits essay According to Gorski and Tataryn (2009) in the past 20 years the numbers of employee lawsuits have increased to 400%. There are 6.5 claims every 1,000 employees. This is a huge increase in 20 years and the reason for this increase is the increase in the complexity of the organization and the employees being indifferent to the employee handbook. It has been seen that most of these lawsuits were targeted against private employers. It has also been noticed that these private employers mostly had small and medium sized companies with 15-100 employees (Gorski Tataryn, 2009). There were many companies (23.9%) who had almost 500 employees and were not considered in the category of small and medium enterprise however, were also subjected to lawsuits. It has been noticed that wrongful termination lawsuits have gone up 250%. 7% of these cases come to the federal court while the rest go to the state court. Moreover, there has been a huge increase in the amount of settlement to. The average sett lement has gone up from $130,476 in 2001 to $310,845 (Gorski Tataryn, 2009). Below are some statistics regarding this issue; Compensatory Awards for Wrongful Termination (Percent of Total) Up to $9,999 5% $10,000 - $24,999 9% $25,000 - $99,999 23% $100,000 - $249,999 24% $250,000 - $499,999 23% $500,000 and Greater 11% Source: David, 2008 Below are losses as per the type of claim Work-Related Sexual Discrimination Including Sexual Harassment Midpoint Verdict $59,835 Probability Range $67,000 - $200,000 Verdict Range $1 - $15,000,000 Average Verdict $501,622 Source: David, 2008 Age Discrimination Midpoint Verdict $145,620 Probability Range $62,000 - $250,000 Verdict Range $1,500 - $1,803,547 Average Verdict $358,956 Source: David, 2008 Wrongful Termination - General Midpoint Verdict $100,000 Probability Range $30,300 - $304,934 Verdict Range $1 - $46,402,891 Average Verdict $532,016 Source: David, 2008 Wrongful Termination Based on Age Discrimination Midpoint Verdict $200,000 Probability Range $62,000 - $250,000 Verdict Range $1,500 $1,500,000 Average Verdict $270,665 Source: David, 2008 The huge numbers above reflects that a little negligence can cost a lot to the organization, the employer as well as the employee. Therefore, it is recommended that all employees read the employee handbook clearly and make sure that they understand everything in it. Not only it will help them avoid any lawsuits, it will also be beneficial for their organization. An organization is like a family where all people work together towards achieving the same target. Therefore, having better and effective communication through this handbook can help both the employer and the employee have a clear and understanding relationship. Buy custom Employee Lawsuits essay

Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia - Literature review Example Vitamin D deficiency affects both phosphorus and calcium digestion. The main role of vitamin D is to regulate calcium levels within acceptable ranges. It achieves this by increasing intestinal calcium absorption. In a vitamin D deficiency state, 10-15 % of dietary calcium is absorbed by the intestine (Brown, Ignatius, Amling, & Barvencik 2013, p.1733-1742). In a vitamin D sufficient state, 30% of dietary calcium is absorbed and during pregnancy, growth or lactation, the absorption can go as high as 80% with increased demand for calcium. In circumstances of vitamin D deficiency, low ionized calcium concentrations espouse the secretion of parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption in renal tubes and increases 1, 25-1-hydroxylase activity, which results in increased 1, 25- dihydroxy vitamin D (1, 25(OH) 2-D) production (Azhar 2009, p.19-25).   Pregnant women and infants in Saudi Arabia suffer so much of these conditions. Secondly, during old age, men t end to have weaker bones due to reduced calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Increased PTH concentrations result in the loss of phosphorous within the urine. Decreased levels of phosphorus and calcium results in reduced bone mineralization. In addition, reduced phosphorus concentrations lead to failure of the expected apoptosis of hypertrophied chondrocytes.  Ã‚   Calcification delay of osteoid causes osteomalacia in established bones. Osteomalacia in undeveloped bones is known as rickets (Azhar 2009 p.19-25).     Rickets is a description of the abnormal organization growth of the cartilaginous growth plate (Hovsepian 2011, p. 3). The clinical description of vitamin D deficiency that results in rickets is based on bone deformity signs and pain and may be related to hypocalcemia. This condition in Saudi Arabia affects both adults and young people.  

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency - Essay Example This paper seeks to illustrate various aspects associated with juvenile delinquency and measures taken to lower the prevalence rates. Juvenile delinquency illustrates a violation of the law committed by a person under the legal age, but surpasses parental control, and thus is subject to legal action. Such violations of the law are not punishable by death or life imprisonment, but dwell on rehabilitating the offenders to become law-abiding citizens. Institutions such as juvenile detention centers and courts assist in dispensation of legal interventions based on specified procedures in the legal system. Furthermore, a juvenile delinquent is an under aged person who has been found guilty of a crime, and is protected by the law as a minor; hence cannot bear the responsibility for the crime (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). The age of criminal responsibility may be lowered in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the crime. This would imply that the individual could be tried as an adult. Negative behaviors among children and young adults translate into juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency has the potential of creating significant social disorder. Past and recent surveys have indicated that a high percentage of children and adolescents engage in activities that are in violation of the law. The reality of the situation is illustrated in the drop in the average age of first arrests made among young people. This can be attributed to the common notion that juvenile offences are normative adolescent behaviors. However, repeated or chronic offenders are most likely to carry on with the trend away from adolescence and turn into criminal elements or outlaws. At a tender age, delinquent behavior involves minor theft, but can evolve to violent acts involving the use of weapons as the individual nears the statutory age. Other delinquent behaviors include bullying, truancy,

Final proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final proposal - Essay Example Manchester offers various properties suited for economic development, relocation assistance, financing and tax credits as economic incentives to assist revenue flow in the local region. Especially in difficult economic times, Manchester’s rather liberal assistance and incentive programs will aid in maintaining short-term profitability by avoiding high relocation costs. The provision of demographic and marketing information – This would include elements of consumer behavior and the ethnic/cultural differences to assist in creating workable marketing strategies to increase profitability. The provision of regulatory assistance – This includes assistance in understanding the practical application of rules and laws which are mandated by Manchester to provide information on how best to structure the business to satisfy legal expectations. This could potentially prevent any future liability on behalf of MMK. The provision of various loans – Manchester wants to draw business to its region, thus offering various loans make the environment more suitable in the event of having to borrow additional capital for improvements to the company. The provision of technical assistance – This will help the company to understand how best to incorporate various technologies to make the company more adaptable and flexible to changing market demands. Quality of life is also evident in Manchester, which will be a positive motivational aspect, from a lifestyle perspective, for any international expatriate employees who will be required to assist in developing the new American facility. As expatriate assignments are generally long-term (Mathis & Jackson, 2005), quality educational facilities are available for school-aged children as well as 900 acres of parks, playgrounds, swimming facilities, beaches, and ski regions (ManchesterNH.gov). For managers or

Number of Folds in Paper: Thickness of Earth to Sun

Number of Folds in Paper: Thickness of Earth to Sun Calculating the number of folds and the hypothetical size of a piece of paper so that its thickness equates to the distance from the Earth to Saturn. As a physics student doing the option on astrophysics, I have become very interested in the immensity of the universe. I decided it would be intriguing to combine it with my personal hobby of doing origami which helps me to relieve stress. As a result, I investigated the amount of times a piece of paper would need to be folded in half so that its thickness achieves a length which equates to the distance from the Earth to Saturn. I have chosen the planet Saturn because it is one of the biggest planets that can be observed by the naked eye and I have been able to see it last summer from the top of a high hill in La Pedriza in the Guadarrama mountain range near my hometown (Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain). Popular claims suggested that it is impossible to fold a piece of paper in half more than seven times no matter its size or thickness.   Previous mathematicians have worked out the number of folds required to reach the moon from the Earth which was worked out to be 42 folds[1] using a m thick paper. The size of the paper however, was not found. In theory, the average folds for a normal size A4 (m) paper is seven. This is an interesting topic because it is incredible how, by exponential growth, a miniature of m thick like a piece of paper can be folded in half to reach the distance of the planet Saturn. Britney Gallivan[2] was able to fold a piece of toilet paper of 1200 meters a number of 12 folds. She derived two mathematical expressions based on geometrical sequences, taking into consideration the amount of paper lost in every fold. These formulas make it possible to calculate the hypothetical length L and width W of a piece of paper that would be folded n times to equate the distance from the Earth to Saturn. Gallivan established some rules that would need to be followed when folding a sheet of paper in half:       A single rectangular sheet of paper of any size and uniform thickness can be used. The fold line has to be in the same direction each time. The folding process must not tear the paper. When folded in half, the portions of the inner layers which face one another must almost touch one another. The average thickness or structure of material of paper must remain unaffected by the folding process. A fold is considered complete if portions of all layers lie in one straight line. Hence, the length L of the paper influences the number of times it can be folded in half. Hypothesis The distance from the Earth to Saturn will be obtained by folding a piece of paper ≠¥50 times with a hypothetically large enough paper. This exploration used exponential growth and logarithms in order to find out the number of folds required to reach Saturn. Before any calculation was done, it was indispensable to collect all the data required for the investigation. All the values were used were in the international system of units (metres) and standard form in order to keep the exploration standardized. Taking into consideration the elliptical orbits of the planets, sometimes they are closer to Earth and sometimes they are further away. Therefore, the value used during this mathematical exploration was the mean value of when they are the furthest apart and the closest together. Astronomical units (AU) are the standard unit measure used when dealing with distances within the Solar System. 1 AU is equal to the distance from the Earth to the Sun which is equivalent tom. Distance from the Earth to Saturn when closer together 8.00 AU[3] Distance from the Earth to Saturn when further apart 11.0 AU3 Mean distance from the Earth to Saturn    AU   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   m The thickness of a normal A4 paper (0.210 297m) was calculated by taking a measurement of an office pack of 500 pages (80gsm) which was found to be about 0.05m. The thickness of each individual page is calculated by dividing the total thickness (0.05m) by the amount of sheets (500); giving a result of m. Whenever a paper is folded in half, the number of layers is doubled so the thickness increases by two. When there is only one layer of paper (not folded), its thickness is m. Once it is folded in half for the first time, its thickness will be multiplied by 2 hence, m Folding it one more time means multiplying it by two again, m Thus, an expression can be established, showing the exponential growth; The expression can be represented in a graph to illustrate graphically the exponential growth because of folding. Graph 1: From Graph 1, it is possible to visualise how, something that seems unrealistic like folding a sheet of paper to reach Saturn becomes possible. The graph also illustrates how rapidly exponential growth occurs. Since the expression needs to be equal to the distance from the Earth to Saturn to work out (the number of folds), an equation to find can be solved: Folds To find, the rules of logarithms were put in place due to the exponential nature of the equation. The answer has been rounded up to 54 because it is not possible to have a half fold. Gallivan derived the following formula for the minimum length of a piece of paper of thickness t to be folded n times in a single direction To prove this formula, it is neccesary to understand that after each fold, some part of the paper is lost and becomes a rounded edge. I folded an A4 sheet of paper seven times in order to illustrate this: As you can see from the picture, there is a rounded edge on the side which is paper being lost and is not contributing to the real thickness but just joining the layers. The curved portion becomes bigger in correlation with the number of folds and begins to take a greater area of the volume of the paper. At the first fold, a semicircle of radius t (thickness) is formed, which has a perimeter . Thus, units of the paper are being used in the fold.   A paper smaller than this cannot be folded since there is not enough paper to form the fold. After the fold, there is a two-layer sheet of paper with a thickness of 2t. Another fold results in folding the second layer over the first layer. The second layer has a radius of , so it uses units of paper. The total amount of paper used by the second fold, for both layers, is resulting in a four-layer piece of paper. The ith fold begings with layers, and folding the jth layer uses units of paper. Hence, the total length of paper used for the ith fold is given by Therefore, to obtain the total length of paper required for n number of folds, sum this over i from 1 to n, which gives Gallivans formula: The thickness can be substituted into t and the number of folds can be substituted into n which gives L to be equal to 1.70-1028m. The other expression proposed by Gallivan can be used to calculate the width of the paper. If the length lost in the radii of earlier folds is not considered, the length lost must be considered in the last fold. At the final fold n, the side of the square must be at least equal to the length lost in the final fold which is (amount of length lost in each fold. Taking into consideration that the total area of the sheet (area = nb of sheets in penultimate step area of square in penultimate step) is preserved, Gallivans equation can be derived: Again, the thickness and number of folds can be substituted and an answer for W can be found giving W to be 2.69-1020m. In conclusion, the initial hypothesis was right since the number of folds was 54 which is, indeed, greater than 50. The hypothetical paper that could, in theory, be folded 54 times so that its thickness equates the distance from the Earth to Saturn of m would be long and wide (taking into consideration that its thickness would bem). The dimensions of this paper would be bigger than the actual distance from the Earth to Saturn so, unfortunately, we do not have a paper that big that would allow us to reach to Saturn just by folding it in half. This mathematical exploration used logarithms to find out the number of folds needed to reach Saturn with a m thick paper. However, the dimensions of this sheet of paper would be too big and hence, impossible to find in the Earths surface. Nevertheless, the exploration could have looked at using a thinner piece of paper to see if its dimensions would have been smaller and perhaps, we would have been able to find it in the surface of the Earth and we would have been able to reach Saturn. References       Astronomy, S. (2012). How Far away is Saturn? [Online] Space.com. Available at: http://www.space.com/18477-how-far-away-is-saturn.html [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. IFLScience. (2016). Fold A Piece of Paper in Half 103 Times and It Will Be As Thick As the UNIVERSE. [Online] Available at: http://www.iflscience.com/space/fold-piece-paper-half-103-times-and-it-will-be-thick-universe/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. Pomonahistorical.org. (2002). Folding Paper in Half Twelve Times. [Online] Available at: http://pomonahistorical.org/12times.htm [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. [1] IFLScience. (2016). Fold A Piece of Paper in Half 103 Times and It Will Be As Thick As the UNIVERSE. [online] Available at: http://www.iflscience.com/space/fold-piece-paper-half-103-times-and-it-will-be-thick-universe/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. [2]Pomonahistorical.org. (2002). Folding Paper in Half Twelve Times. [online] Available at: http://pomonahistorical.org/12times.htm [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017]. [3] Astronomy, S. (2012). How Far away is Saturn? [online] Space.com. Available at: http://www.space.com/18477-how-far-away-is-saturn.html [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].

Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Essay -- Cosmetic Surgery essays

Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is a growing entity which needs to be assessed more carefully. Messages within the media indirectly contribute to the rising rate of plastic surgery. Desires to meet the idealisms of media representations are often so consuming that people demand plastic surgery despite all of its associated risks and controversies. To compensate for this up and coming surgical trend, technology has developed more reasonable and attainable options for the public. Millions of operations are now able to be performed on those wishing to fulfill specific gratifcations toward their own personal appearance and/or self-esteem. This is a serious problem in that people are unaware or just simply disregard the risks and controversies associated with unnecessary surgeries. Physical: In order to understand how plastic surgery is detrimental, it is necessary to look at the negative impact it can leave on a person or persons. The most obvious of the problems associated within the industry is the unnecessary risk it poses to one's physical health and well-being. Mybodypart.com, the largest network of Plastic Surgeons backed by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, claims that there are a great deal of potential risks which are associated with aesthetic surgeries. These include complications from bleeding, suture reaction and wound separation, Necrosis, nerve damage, allergic reactions to anesthesia, scarring, and any other complications associated with routine surgical procedures. Bleeding normally continues up to 3 days post surgery and can cause problems clotting, or hemotoma, making the patient(s) susceptible to infection or seromas, which is a collection of tissue fluid. Sutures are foreign... ...ducation/procedures/psychological_aspects.cfm Cosmetic Surgery. (2004). In The new Harvard guide to women's health (p. 179). Cambridge , MA & London , England : Harvard University Press Mybodypart.com (2006) Plastic Surgery – Virtual Plastic Surgery. Retrieved March 12, 2006, from http://www.mybodypart.com/plastic-surgery.html National Research Center for Women & Families, (2006). What you need to know . . before you get breast implants. Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://www.breastimplantinfo.org/what_know_3.html ( U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA/Office of Public Affairs, FDA Consumer, 2000). Retrieved on March 5, 2006 from http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/300_laser.html http://www.worth1000.com/entries/209000/209256fKmj_w.jpg http://www.epregnancy.com/images/plastic_surgery_hdr.jpg http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/index.asp